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Course Outline

Relational Database Models

  • Structure of a relational database
  • Table relationship types
  • Database normalization and denormalization
  • Relational operators

Data Retrieval

  • Rules for writing SQL queries
  • Syntax of the SELECT statement
  • Selecting all columns
  • Queries involving arithmetic operations
  • Column aliases
  • Literals
  • Concatenation operator

Limiting Results

  • The WHERE clause
  • Comparison operators
  • LIKE condition
  • Condition BETWEEN ... AND
  • Condition IS NULL
  • Condition IN
  • Boolean operators: AND, OR, and NOT
  • Using multiple conditions in the WHERE clause
  • Operator precedence
  • DISTINCT clause

Sorting Data

  • The ORDER BY clause
  • Sorting by multiple columns or expressions

SQL Functions

  • Differences between single-row and multi-row functions
  • Text, numeric, and date functions
  • Explicit and implicit data conversion
  • Conversion functions
  • Function nesting
  • Evaluating function performance using the DUAL table
  • Retrieving the current date using the SYSDATE function
  • Handling NULL values

Aggregating Data with Grouping

  • Grouping functions
  • How grouping functions handle NULL values
  • Creating data groups using the GROUP BY clause
  • Grouping by multiple columns
  • Restricting grouped function results using the HAVING clause

Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables

  • Types of joins
  • Using NATURAL JOIN
  • Table aliases
  • Joins within the WHERE clause
  • INNER JOIN
  • Outer joins: LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL OUTER JOIN
  • Cartesian product

Subqueries

  • Placing subqueries in the SELECT command
  • Single-line and multi-line subqueries
  • Operators for single-line subqueries
  • Using grouping functions in subqueries
  • Operators for multi-line subqueries: IN, ALL, ANY
  • Handling NULL values in subqueries

Set Operators

  • UNION operator
  • UNION ALL operator
  • INTERSECT operator
  • MINUS operator

Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data

  • INSERT command
  • Copying data from another table
  • UPDATE command
  • DELETE command
  • TRUNCATE command

Transactions

  • Commands: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT

DDL Commands

  • Main database objects
  • Rules for naming objects
  • Creating tables
  • Data types available for columns
  • DEFAULT option
  • NULL and NOT NULL options

Managing Tables

  • Referential integrity: CHECK, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE
  • Creating a table from a query
  • Dropping a table: DROP TABLE
  • DESCRIBE command

Other Schema Objects

  • Sequences
  • Synonyms
  • Views

Requirements

  • Basic computer literacy
  • Familiarity with any operating system
 21 Hours

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